The Patriot Chiefs: A Chronicle of American Indian Resistance; Revised Edition (ISBN=9780140234633) pdf 下载 txt 阿里云 lit rtf azw3 免费

　　Might always makes right, until it's too late, and we say it

was wrong after all. Surely one of the biggest illegal land grabs

in history took place right here in River City, otherwise known as

the USA. Over a period of three hundred years, the original

inhabitants of this vast country were dispossessed of nearly

everything---their land, their pride, their language, their

culture, and in many cases, their right to live. Brushed off as

"savages", "primitive", "children of nature" and by other edifying

epithets, by 1900, the surviving American Indians had been confined

to a gulag archipelago of reservations, some of only a few

acres---though these lands were at least nominally controlled by

them. Alcohol and disease had brought them low, combined with

massacres and forced migrations. And these were the lucky ones !

Many tribes, especially in the east, lost everything, reduced to

remnants whose language and culture were all but destroyed, barely

managing to hang on amidst the sea of uncaring white immigrants.

Although the 20th century proved a time of resurgence for many

Native Americans, many problems still remain. We've seen the

endless Hollywood movies about Indians. John Wayne, such a decent

guy, if a bit quick on the trigger, always gets the better of the

Indians. That stock image of Indians is rampant. But how did these

people really react to the European invasion ? Did they just run

whooping out of the forest into the guns of the "sturdy white

troopers" ? No, I don't think so. They were a lot smarter, but they

got outnumbered, and their own internal dissensions helped to do

them in too. If Alvin Josephy writes from the point of a white man

and does not live up to the strictures of political correctness of

35 years later, he certainly is not "anti-Indian"; he illustrates

the problems of unifying a mosaic of peoples, shows the whites as

generally brutal, greedy, and treacherous, at the same time not

trying to show the Indians as angels either.

Throughout the three centuries of conflict over North America,

Indians consistently produced leaders of high quality who tried

desperately to stem the tide, to stop the steady loss of lands.

That they ultimately did not succeed does not say anything about

their character. Josephy has written a detailed history of nine of

the most successful leaders, those who most challenged the European

invaders, their armies and all. Starting from the nearly mythical

Hiawatha, who unlike the hero of Longfellow's epic, did not live in

Minnesota, but in upstate New York, he follows the advancing line

of the colonists across the continent, to end with the inspiring

tale of the Nez Perces led by Chief Joseph. "King Philip" of New

England, whose real name was Metacom, was the first to try to build

a pan-tribal alliance against the land grabbers. He was followed by

such men as Pope of the Pueblo peoples, Pontiac, and Tecumseh.

Asi-Yaholo (known to history as Osceola) of the Seminoles, Black

Hawk of the Sauk, and Crazy Horse of the Lakota round out the

roster of famous Indian leaders. Though I felt that the Crazy Horse

chapter contained too many extraneous details of the comings and

goings of Indian bands and white troopers, in general THE PATRIOT

CHIEFS is very well-written, bringing in Indian origins, culture,

and ways of life. Though the Indians ultimately lost, you cannot

fail to be impressed with their courage and determination to defend

their homes and people. Perhaps the USA is the "land of the brave",

because all human beings possess bravery in varying quantities.

Reading this book, I would have to question "land of the

free"...free for whom ? Nearly all these leaders were betrayed,

their peoples exiled or killed, and every agreement broken. We did

get their land for free. It is all a saddening, depressing tale,

but definitely worth reading.

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